1, 17, 18įurthermore, the association of particular blood groups with increased risk of COVID-19 infection is still controversial. 15, 16 Consequently, recent reports have suggested that ABO blood groups might play a role in COVID-19 infection. 14 In addition, blood antigens are considered to be receptors for immune and inflammation responses, which means that a biological association between ABO blood groups and HBV infection, for example, probably exists. 11, 13 Previous studies have found that this association is because ABO antibodies are a component of the innate immune system that protects against certain bacteria, parasites and enveloped viruses. Therefore, several studies have discussed the association of ABO blood grouping and host susceptibility to infectious diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, symptomatic West Nile Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B, Norwalk virus1, Helicobacter pylori, and Plasmodium falciparum. However, the presence of an anti-A antibody may inhibit the adherence of the spike protein to the ACE2 receptor on the host cell surface. 11 Moreover, there have been suggestions regarding the association of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein with the ACE2 protein that acts as its cellular receptor. However, this sugar is missing on O blood group cells. N-acetyl galactosamine is a sugar that instructs the blood groups coronaviruses have surface proteins that tend to adhere to sugars. 10 The ABO blood group is an antigen that is expressed in red blood cells and a variety of other cell lines and tissues. The researchers, however, recommended more studies be conducted to validate the link between ABO blood grouping and COVID-19 infection. 9 Following the outbreak of COVID-19, researchers studied the potential of a link between ABO blood types and susceptibility to COVID-19 exposure. It is well known that individuals with particular ABO blood groups are at an increased risk of contracting several types of infections. One recent study indicated that the COVID-19 cell receptor is predicted to be angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The spike glycoproteins interact with the viral envelope and the cytomembrane of the target cell. 7, 8 The receptor on the target cell is critical in determining how the virus enters the cell and which tissues are infected. 1 The virus’s morphology is similar to that of other coronaviruses, most notably SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. ![]() 5 Multilabel factors including age, gender, comorbidities, economic status, and genetic makeup of the subject contribute to COVID-19 infection. 5 However, some patients quickly develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock, acidosis and coagulopathy, which can be fatal. 4 Patients with COVID-19 mostly present with symptoms including fatigue, fever and dry cough, followed by myalgia, anorexia, dyspnea, and more. In early March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and since then, it has caused thousands of deaths. 3 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is unique in that it serves as a hub for millions of international employees and pilgrims from all over the world. ![]() 2 By 9 December 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the number of cases worldwide had reached 269,112,118 infected cases worldwide with a total of 550,136 reported cases in Saudi Arabia as daily reports and a total of 5,307,847deaths globally. ![]() 1 The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus following initial infections in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, it has spread to nearly every country in the world, leading to a substantial number of deaths and an increasing economic burden.
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